The human brain controls our thoughts, memories, perceptions and actions. However, brain functioning remains largely undiscovered. Cutting-edge innovative methods allow for the visualization of the brain physiological and pathophysiological events. These advancements are expected to help in the fundamental questions like: how does the brain work? What are the neural bases of brain diseases? This year’s Seminars in Brain Disorders’s theme is on Advances in Neurosciences. Brazilian and international researchers will discuss the state-of-the-art and recent advances in the neuroscience field.